Sunday, January 26, 2020

Heart Failure Nursing Essay

Heart Failure Nursing Essay Mr. Wrights admissions states that he has heart failure (congestive cardiac failure). Clearly define heart failure. What organs and which body systems are affected by this disorder? Answer:- congestive cardiac failure is also known as congestive heart failure is an ongoing condition in which the heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump as well as it normal pump. It occurs when the myocardium loses its ability to pump enough blood to meet body’s metabolic needs and is generally accompanied by fluid accumulation in the body tissues, especially in the lungs. Apart from the cardiovascular system it can affect many other systems. Left sided heart failure affects the respiratory system by increasing the instance of pulmonary oedema. Systolic heart failure:- it occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t contract with enough force so there is less oxygen blood pumped throughout the body. Diastolic heart failure:- it occurs when heart contract properly but ventricles cannot rest because the less amount of blood enters during the heart filling. Right sided heart affects every other system due to increase of peripheral oedema. Give a brief overview of the normal function of the body system affects by this disorder. Circulation system has a role that haemoglobin in the red blood cells the supply of the oxygen to the cells. There are two types of circulation route that for transporting blood to the cells and each tissue and for blood to gas exchange in the lungs. Vascular system is comprised of the heart, arteries which carry fresh blood towards the body from the heart and, vein which returns blood to the heart and lungs to collect from the whole body blood include waste and carbon dioxide. Pulmonary circulation is fresh blood that contains a large amount of oxygen to circulate to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. Circulation supplies to the whole body of fresh blood that contains a large amount of oxygen. Urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethral. Kidney has role that excrete waste products to outside of the body, adjust the blood pressure, store the water, regulate the electrolyte, and generate red blood cells. Original urine is made by filtration of the glomerular, secretion and reabsorption takes place in the tubular. Urine was made in the kidney, is urinated outside the body through the ureter, bladder, and urethra. Respiratory system has role that the uptake of oxygen from the outside and to discharge carbon dioxide and water from the body. The air flow is accept the oxygen from the nose and mouth, and exchanged from oxygen to carbon dioxide is diffused in the capillary and interstitial. Digestive system is composed of the gastrointestinal tract, stomach, liver, gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreas. Digestion is initiated by the action of digestive enzymes and gastric acid in the gastric juice in the stomach. There is a metabolism in the liver. The gall bladder is responsible for temporarily stores bile made of hepatocytes. Pancreas to secrete a variety of digestive enzymes as exocrine organ and secrete hormones that make the regulation of blood glucose levels as endocrine organ. Intestinal has role that breakdown of food by the digestive juice and absorb the nutrients and moisture. Finally, it excretes waste products. Define the signs and symptoms of heart failure and explain why these signs and symptoms occur. Signs and symptoms of heart failure are:- Fatigue, weakness and mental confusion:- these things occur due to decrease output from the ventricle creating insufficient amount of oxygen in the brain which create mental confusion and disturbed behaviour. Fluid retention and oedema:- it occurs due to increased capillary pressure that develops in the peripheral circulation in person with right sided heart failure and in the pulmonary circulation in persons with left sided heart failure. The increased capillary pressure reflects an overfilling of the vascular system because of increased sodium and water retention and venous congestion, referred to earlier as backward failure, resulting from impaired cardiac output. Cyanosis:- caused by excess desiderated haemoglobin in the blood. It is resulting from impaired pulmonary gas exchange, from extensive extraction of oxygen at the capillary level. Shortness of breath:- occurs due to congestion of pulmonary circulation. Arrhythmias:- represent disorder of cardiac rhythm related to alteration in automaticity, excitability, conductivity or refractoriness of specialized cells in the conduction system of the heart. Muscle weakness due to insufficient blood supply and oxygen to the muscles. Rapid or irregular heartbeat the heart needs to pump harder as it cannot pump blood at a normal rate. Chronic cough or wheezing due to the fluid in the lungs and the lungs need to work harder. Ventricular failure – happens when it is left untreated. Lack of Appetite or Nausea— when the liver and digestive system become congested they fail to receive a normal supply of blood. This can make you feel nauseous or full, even if you havent eaten. Fluid Build-up and Swelling— because blood flow to the kidneys is restricted, the kidneys produce hormones that lead to salt and water retention. This causes swelling, also called oedema that occurs most often in the feet, ankles and legs. Rapid Weight Gain— the fluid build-up throughout the body, may cause you to gain weight quickly. Heart Grows Larger— the muscle mass of the heart grows in an attempt to increase its pumping power, which works for a while. The heart chambers also enlarge and stretch so they can hold a larger volume of blood. As the heart expands, the cells controlling its contractions also grow. Heart Pumps Faster— In an attempt to circulate more blood throughout the body, the heart speeds up. Blood Vessels Narrow— As less blood flows through the arteries and veins, blood pressure can drop to dangerously low levels. To compensate, the blood vessels become narrower, which keeps blood pressure higher, even as the heart loses power. Blood Flow Is Diverted— When the blood supply is no longer able to meet all of the bodys needs, it is diverted away from less-crucial areas, such as the arms and legs, and given to the organs that are most important for survival, including the heart and brain. In turn, physical activity becomes more difficult as heart failure progresses. Congested lungs:-Fluid backup in the lungs can cause shortness of breath with exercise or difficulty breathing at rest or when lying flat in bed. Lung congestion can also cause a dry, hacking cough or wheezing. Dizziness, and weakness:- Less blood to your major organs and muscles makes you feel tired and weak. Less blood to the brain can cause dizziness or confusion. Confusion and impaired thinking:- changing level of certain substances in the blood such as sodium can cause confusion. List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms. Low oxygen saturation, tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypertensive due to APO, loss of fluid into 3rd spaces or frusemide. Do you think his diabetes is related to his leg ulcer and amputated left toe? Explain Yes diabetes can be related to leg ulcer and amputated left toe because in diabetes neuropathy or peripheral nerve disease and damage may lead to leg ulcers and serious foot problems from which limb amputation may result. One of the medicines he is taking is lasix. What is the action of lasix? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why you think Mr. Wright is ordered Lasix. Lasix is known as frusemide it is a loop diuretic that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt, allowing the salt instead be passed in your urine. As lasix is a diuretic drug that induce urination to decrease the body fluid volume, so the blood pressure will decrease therefore it will affect the urinary tract system and the cardiovascular system. List three conditions in Mr. Wright relevant medical history that is commonly associated with aging. Asthma:- asthma is common among older people over age 65 and can cause serious problems in bones and joints. Glaucoma:- glaucoma is a progressive degeneration of the nerve that can caused by increased intra ocular pressure. Arthritis:- arthritis is a inflammation of the joints that can cause pain and stiffness which can be worsen as the person age. Using Mr. Wrights admission history and assessment, list the factors that may impact on his safety whilst in hospital and when he returns home. Limited vision, impaired mobility, pain, self administration of frusemide combined with beta blocker and hypotension, low Sao2, hypo/hyper tension, decreased appetite, lower leg ulcer, confusion, anxiety and history of falls. What other health professionals will be involved in his care and what services can they provide for Mr. Wright. Dietician:- to monitor his diet about the diabetes and in assist the meals on wheels with the preparation of the meals. Domiciliary:- in order to assist with his daily living activities. Psychologist:- to monitor his situation and watch for any signs of over anxiety. Physiotherapist:- to assist him with maintaining his impaired mobility. General practitioner:- assist him with his medications and refer to any other specialist if needed. List the nursing documentation you would expect to be used in the care of Mr. Wright. Fluid chart, general observation chart, diet chart, bowel chart, admission information, medical history questionnaire, nursing notes, progress note, care plan and allergies. REFRENCES:- http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-furosemide/article_em.htm viewed on 5 September 2014 http://www.australiandiabetescouncil.com viewed on 5 September 2014 http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide-heart-failure viewed on 5 September 2014

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Womens Rights After the American Revolution

Nadine Elsigai APUSH Ms. Shalimar November 10, 2012 FRQ The American revolution set the wheels into motion for the Women’s Rights movement, it helped shaped the lives of even today’s women. Between 1790 and 1860 the roles of women dramatically changed politically and socially, it brought on a new era for women creating a more empowered sense of womanhood opening up job opportunities and giving women a chance at equality. With the American revolution came an entirely new perspective of female ability.A entire political world was opened up to the female population education became more common for the group of white middle class women. Changing dramatically form being souly educated for religious purposes, the demand for education for women increased it was a battle very quickly won and women slowly became more well-rounded and knowledgeable. Although women’s legal rights were still little it was becoming more evident that they were capable of more than what was pre viously believed.Many new arguments arose questioning how a women trusted with the duty of shaping the future generation was ‘small minded’. Women themselves were realizing their own abilities. During the revolution they helped as much as they could using their needlework to pay off war debts, this boosted the women’s confidence many were expecting better occupations as well as voting rights. These events all led to the women’s awakening and prompted them to fight for their rights.The revolution also prompted many social changes for women. The acts women accomplished during the revolution opened the eyes of many dramatically changing the role of women within society as a whole. Following the American revolution women went from begin the slaves of their household to becoming a more valued role within society. Women were slowly shedding the weak frail image of themselves and welcomed new responsibilities with opened arms.

Friday, January 10, 2020

Benefits of Technology Essay

Primarily, technology allows us to reach the better standard of living. Firstly, we can now adjust our habitat to suit ourselves. For example, when it is too hot, we have fans or air-conditioners to make it cooler. Also, with high technology we can create buildings that can withstand earthquakes. Those buildings have special structures and they are made of supreme materials that can minimize the impacts of earthquakes. Automatic houses represent high-tech as well. Now with a few taps on the panel display people can set up the security alarm and control their houses easily. The second feature which I should mention is that, high technology provides us with better health care. Modern medical devices are playing important roles in healing people. For instance, Ultrasound Diagnostic Scanners assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. More and more people are being cured. Beside, technology also allows us to create new drugs in good quality and quantity. In fact, without technology the mass production in medicine seems impossible. Last but not least, technology has good effects on transportation. Throughout history, transportation has developed a lot; and its developments depend on the developments of technology. In the past, we used horses to travel over long distances, but today we can use vehicles or air planes to move from place to place. In addition, modern vehicles can carry heavy weight that antique conveyances could not. Indeed, we have ships that can load thousand tons weight. Finally, the inventions of television, computer and internet lead us to the new age, the Age of Information Technology. Nowadays, we can communicate over very, very long distances. If I want to know what happen to any country all over the world, for example, I just need to search for the information on the internet. Beside, television provides us with the new ways of communicate, the mixture of language and images. You can broadcast your information in videos, audios and images through telecasting. There is no doubt that technology has made our life easier than it was in the past. With the help of technology, we have no longer worried very much about  transportation, communication, health care or even about our standard of living. Perhaps with the development of technology in future, we can travel or live in other planets which support better living conditions for human. In conclusion, technology may be the most valuable property of human being.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Assessing The Leadership And Strategic Management Methods Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2687 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The leadership and strategic management are two terms that are the critical in the success of an organisation. The leadership is what is observed in a person and is natural. It is achieved by virtue of activities performed by a person. A good leader can be a good manager but not vice-versa. On the other hand the strategic management is related with making the most critical decisions. Theoretically strategic management is simple enough than to implement, it is plan - implement - review - correct - win. On the other hand a strategic manager has to play different leadership roles[1]. The Virgin Group executive team recognised need to recruit a team to lessen the burden on the top management. This team will be able to conduct the tests and data collection in the market and suggest an optimum strategy to lead the group on the growth path with fast pace. The team will be formed from within the organisation and comprises of the most successful performers. This team of leaders will guide others in decision making and strategy implementation. The above facts show the link between the leadership and strategic management activities based on the organisation under study. The conclusion is that only the most performers can be selected as the leaders because these employees have displayed potential to retain the organisation on the top of others. Drawing from your knowledge of the investigation of the case study organisation, analyse the impact that different management and leadership styles could have on Virgin Atlantic strategic decisions. 1.2 There are a number of leadership styles that can vary from person to person, time to time, place to place. There is a common in these that all these are with respect to the type of organisation under consideration. The organisation under discussion adopts the consensus method of leadership. In this method opinions are invited from talented and well versed personalities from the organisation and a collective de cision is made. It is one of the best methods of leadership where everyone has right to participate and a feeling of equality. The final decision still vests with the top managers. The second method of leadership is based on the activity. It is directive in the organisation under discussion. In this method the project manager directs other about the plan and its implementation. He ensures that the procedures are well followed and within the tight control. Even if there are some factors that are going out of control, the project manager adopt a diplomatic strategy and make the things round so that the project may be completed within time. The next method of style observed is facilitating. In this method the project manager facilitates the team members to participate and use the tools they have. He ensures full co ordination and cooperation among the team members. In this way they all move in a common direction and ensure proper execution of the plans.[2] 1.3 There are a numb er of leadership styles that can be adopted in the organisation. Each have it merits and demerits theoretically but on the practical grounds there are a lot of differences. Below we give critical evaluation of these leadership styles. The consensus method of management is also known to be democratic in nature where in all the members of the board participate in making decision. Some of the members might want to vote for some particular option that may not be the optimum from the point of view of the organisation in the long run but may show a consistent behaviour in the short run. It leads to a lope sided development. The virgin group has formed a 200 companies performing different activities. The origin of the company is from a small enterprise of magazine and mailing system. It is all due to the participation, dedication and innovation that the company could reach that far. The vesting of recruiting executive from within the organisation to lessen the burden of the directors seems to be a good idea that is given to executives but the point here is that there is no reference regarding the field expertise of these executive. There are a few who control a vast majority of employees, whether the proposed plan will be able to unleash the power and potential of other employees under these executives is a doubt raising question. In a recent study related to the leadership and management skills it has been observed that there is negative correlation between leaders opinions and the employees opinions due to job satisfaction[3] 2.1 There are a number of theories of good leaders that are applied to managers. Some the notable theories are as follows: The Great Men theory: this theory states that the great leaders are born and posses virtues to lead others. They have capabilities to influence others and others follow them. They have high thinking than that of others. Some of the researches show that this theory imposes partiality on the general masses bec ause the personalities these theories discuss have distinct family status and other less opportune failed to get a chance to show their capabilities.[4] Critical Evaluation: This theory is related to the virtues of a person but on the other hand all men are born equal without any discrimination by nature[5]. The fact is the opportunities available to an individual here. The Contingency Theories: these theories focus on variable factors that determine the style of leadership. The style can vary from person to person, time to time and place to place. A person who can act without missing has right to be a leader and can direct others. He is fore-thinker and can forecast events as these are going to occur and affect the organization. He can give right direction to the energies of others to achieve the set goal.[6] Critical Evaluation: The theory assumed variable factors that influence the strategy. It is observed from the practice that the objective and factors influencing of t he firm remains constant over the time till the strategy under study. There are certain assumptions and these are dropped as the facts are met with reality or new conclusions are drawn. The Adairs Action[7] Centered Leadership Model: this model is one of the most popular models of leadership management in which the manager leads a team or itself to get the task done. The model discusses the three interrelated fields viz. task, Team, Individual and assigns the task to the most suitable person who can do the same. From the beginning of the case study, it can be assumed that Sir Richard Branson has applied all the three or more theories discussed above to reach this level high. He has the qualities of a good leader and thinker. He was capable to plan and execute the tasks in such a way that he never missed a single opportunity. While in the business life, many companies might have been overtaken, merged or newly established. Sir Richard Branson began with a little amount of capi tal to start the business and had been successful in defeating the rivals. 2.2 There are a number of strategies that can be applied in the aviation industry. Some of them are as follows: Porters Generic Four Competitive Strategy: This study conducted in 1980 states that we can focus on the cost of leadership and differentiation desired to create a strategy to generate more profit with less cost.[8] Cronshaw, Davis and Kay (1994) observed that this theory is rarely observed and hence struck in the middle. [9] condition occurs. The best strategy is to combine the both the theories and hence get a mixed result. In brief, we present the following recommendations: Focus on the cost of factors that need to be reduced. Find the disguisedly employed resources and remove them so the production may be optimum. Removal of these employees will not affect the output. Alternatively these employees can be assigned some other task. Lowering of the profit margin bounces the over all profit because less price more demand. More investment should be made in exploring new areas and tie ups. A continuous dose of investment keep the money multiplier in action and hence expansion in the business. Conclusion: From the above studies we can evaluate the position of the business from the third figure as to how we can reap the benefit by applying the above suggested measures. 3.1 Keeping in view the requirements of the organisation and after studying the case scenario, we have following recommendations from the point of view of an excutive We should maintain good relation with our boss. It will reflect the capability and recommendations from the boss to keep in pace with the entire world. It also reflects the capabilities to satisfy the employees and employers as well. We should show interpersonal and desired qualities in every organisation so that there is a congenial atmosphere of employment maintained. These qualities pay us in the future of our caree r. Never over expect or under expect with regard to your remuneration. There is always a clause of negotiation. We should tell exactly what is required. Even if we are lacking a resource that may be required, it must made clear to the concerned authorities so that provision may be made well in time. We should always keep in touch with the employees. Meetings keep us closely tied to each other. Participation in meetings should be encouraged. The meetings must be with some pre defined purpose so that every one may have data and some analysis of facts before entering into the meeting room. Always expect and give reward for hard work. Employees get enthusiastic when they are paid for their hard and dedicated tasks. We should not take good performance for granted. Every employee has some strengths and weaknesses. We should adopt a discriminating policy and assign the tasks to them as per their capabilities. The word discrimination here is used in the positive sense that make the atmosphere cooperative and not competitive. We should always evaluate the workers and in time give them feedback so that they may improve themselves. We should always listen to the employees. There are some times conflicts and these can be judged before something disastrous may happen well before time. We can have an advantage of solving the conflict in a more lucid way than in haste. All employees say something important and we should not take them above the ears. Always learn about time management. When all the things are planned we can know the slacking and surplus time elements in the tasks and make our schedule accordingly. We should not make any promise to the clients about the delivery of the tasks when it is asked. We should give them exact picture of the project under consideration and try to deliver it well in time rather than to promise about its delivery. The reason is that only one of the objectives Delivery or Promise can be met and not both at the same time. We should not indulge into the blame game, rather commit our mistakes if there is any. Always try to make a congenial atmosphere at the working place and share the ideas that spread happiness and laughter in the organisation. It will help reducing the stress and also good for health. 3.2 Since the organisation is spreading its wings to include more and more companies worldwide. There is dire need of making strategies that will reduce the burden from top managers and directors. For this we have following plans: During the innovation period the top managers have to travel from place to place soon often, in this case the existing routine tasks must not be affected. For this we should select a few more capable executives to perform on behalf of the top managers. These executive will be able to understand the instructions from their respective managers and carry out the tasks independently unless there is doubt. The top managers should be contacted only on critical tim es once the task has been under execution. The critical times can be Successful completion of the job. Requirement of a resource. Making an urgent decision on behalf of the organisation that may need attention of the manager. Reporting silently through mail and by telephonic means in case of urgency. Keeping the top manager happy as far as the task is concerned by meeting the deadlines and optimising the work under process. These and some other less important criteria should be adopted to create a team of junior executive to replace the top managers when needed. The strategy will help us in many directions. The top manager will be free to carry out some high level task. He will be contacted occasionally to tell the current module of the task and its related activities that are to be carried out. The top manager will be watching the tasks only from a length. 4.1 Based on your understanding of the module, how can the organisation effectively plan for the develo pment of leadership skills for the succession of its future leaders? The organisation can create and effective plan for the development of leadership for future endeavours. Here are some suggestions for the new executives: The executives should be trained in a real life environment on the past projects and test their opinions and output whether it is effective or not. Based on the training mock interviews, strategy development programmes should be implemented. The managers should be encouraged to participate in the tests, plans, execution of policies etc. The managers should be sent to other more developed countries for necessary training and learning new skills. They should be encouraged to participate in conferences world-wide that will help them know the experts and keep them in touch with latest trends in the management disciplines. Besides real life live projects they should be encouraged to study the journals, books and other material available on the internet t o enhance their skill level. The management should give due weight to the opinions and ideas as developed by the trainees and other employees so that these may be evaluated and necessary action be taken so that the productivity may be increased. 4.2 We have discussed a number of methods that can be adopted for the upliftment of the working status and skill level of the employees. The following is the outcome that has been observed after the hypothetical training. Effect of Training: Training of managers was found to be very useful. It enhanced their thinking, planning and executing the tasks in right way. They have shown to be very efficient and quick in their action. Effect of Conferences: The conferences helped them in research areas and they are found to be efficient in the improving the previously designed solutions. They have come with new ideas and at the same time able to remove the limitations of the previous products. The quality of the work has improved around 40-60%. Effect of Study Material: the study material provided was found to be useful in developing ideas and way of thinking of the executives. They are now in a better position to evaluate the work done by others, adopting new strategies to improve the functionality of the organisation. Effect of Policy Implementation: Some of the policies suggested by executives after all the work out have been implemented and these proved to be upto the mark as these helped in minimizing the disparities that had been in earlier projects. Effect of Group Discussion: The group discussion and meetings brought them closer to each other and now they share their ideas more often. The selected executives have come to know more about their potential capabilities and weaknesses. They are now open to accept challenges and determined to remove the limitations that had been pointed out. Conclusions: From the observations made above in the task 4, it can be concluded that the training programmes h ave a positive effect on the productivity of the employees. They learn to work as a team and not as an individual. Further they are more aware of their strengths and weaknesses and working in competitive cooperative environment where the competition is to improve the skill level and cooperation also. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing The Leadership And Strategic Management Methods Business Essay" essay for you Create order